Jammin about #Epilepsy with Paul Shaffer of @Letterman at @UHN_News with donors, @tgwhf. pic.twitter.com/oh5dORBdiK
— Dr. Valiante (@DrValiante) June 23, 2015
By Taufik Ali Valiante (@DrValiante) MD, PhD, FRCS
Your brain is who you are.
A constellation of past experiences, hopes, dreams, and knowledge, receiving input from the outside world through your senses, and simultaneously changing that very world through your interactions.
It is thus shaped by, but yet shapes the world around it. It is constantly changing with every second, as every experience you have alters is physical and chemical structure.
It is as mysterious to the neuroscientist as to average individual. Scientists refer to as the most complex thing in the universe, thus currently defying definition, and a scientific language to describe what it does.
That being said, we do however know a few things about its physical attributes. It is jam packed, containing about 70 billion neurons and over 200 trillion connections between them. It is the most metabolically active (requiring the most energy per unit weight) organ in the body.
Thus while weighing little over 1300 grams – just a fraction of the weight of the human body – it gets 20-30% of the hearts output every second. It sits within the protective confines of your skull, and is bathed in a fluid that reduces its effective weight to about 50 grams.
This further protects it from rapid movements which would otherwise tear it or bruise it. It is mostly fat and water and its language is electricity, sending information to and fro through small packets of electrical charges.
Amongst other nutrients, the brain needs glucose to function– yup, good old fashioned sugar. It loves it, and it is no wonder we love to eat it. However, during prolonged starvation, and likely during some of the longer fasts this Ramadan, it can switch its metabolism to use the byproduct of fat break down called ketone bodies.
In fact, for those of you who are physically active during Ramadan, you will likely be able to smell the ketones on your breath – it smells kind of like acetone. Ketones are produced by the liver when it runs out of glycogen – a type of storage form of sugar.
So once the glycogen disappears, fat starts to be broken down and you get ketone bodies. Remarkably, the brain can completely switch from using glucose to using ketones after about three days of absolutely no glucose intake.
The fact that we replenish our glycogen every day during Ramadan (suhoor and iftar), is likely why our brains don’t fully switch to using ketone bodies, and hence why we might in the middle of the day find it a bit hard to concentrate.
Although interestingly as you might notice with the longer fasts this year, that is just a transient effect, likely because your brain starts to use the small amount of ketone bodies in your blood.
Ketone bodies have been shown to be of some benefit in two neurological disorders: epilepsy, and Alzheimer’s disease. The so called “ketogenic diet” which is used in children, is a diet devoid of sugar, and high in fat that forces the person use ketone bodies as their primary energy source.
It was proposed that the ketones might reduce the number of seizures by various mechanisms that I will not go into right now.
Interestingly in some of the studies, although the children’s seizures did not improve, their mental functioning did. It was suggested from these studies that the ketones provided increased energy supply to the brain thus improving its functioning.
Similarly it has been shown that very early on in Alzheimer’s disease the brain is unable to use glucose appropriately.
However, giving ketones to these patients was shown to improve their memory particularly early on in their disease course. This is not to say that fasting might be a potential treatment for people with epilepsy or Alzheimer’s, but it is interesting to speculate about the potential “brain benefits” of fasting for those who do not have neurological disorders.
One never knows!
The Qur’an is a guide for the human race, a guide that prescribes behaviors, that when followed will benefit the individual and society as a whole. It is thus a manual for our brain. The manual prescribes fasting as way to increase our taqwa (consciousness of Allah):
“O YOU who have attained to faith! Fasting is ordained for you as it was ordained for those before you, so that you might remain conscious of God: …” (Qur’an 2:183, Asad).
This simple command presents the ideal behavior modification paradigm and the behavioral modification results in habit formation over an approximately thirty day course.
The psychology of habits will not be reviewed here exhaustively, but amongst the benefits of habits is that they are mentally efficient. This means that one can do other things in parallel while performing the habit.
I will argue that Ramadan presents the ideal “do it yourself habit guide” or “template” which we can use to effect change in all facets our lives, albeit with the help of Allah, as the Qur’an tells us:
“Verily, God does not change people’s condition unless they change their inner selves;…” (Qur’an 13:11)
From the verse above, the first step however is ours. So, why is Ramadan the ideal template and training for the rest of our habit forming lives?
- From the psychology literature, the key step to establishing a new habit is to create an implementation intention. I bolded implementation intention since it is a key term – psychology jargon sort to speak.
- So as you all know, you get up for fajr, and explicitly state you are making your intention to Allah that you will fast. This is the implementation intention clear and simple and who off all entities to make the intention to but Allah. So it is kind of hard to break that intention – right? Right! So immediately Allah is helping us to help ourselves.
- Other key elements to establishing a habit is that they have specific cues that link the habit to a specific response or responses. So for example, sunrise is a time cue that is linked to awakening, praying, and making your intention to fast. Sunset is a time cue to breaking ones fast.
- In between there are specific responses to the intention you made, no eating, drinking, or sex. Concurrently one is to be constantly mindful of one’s behavior, to be patient despite possibly being a bit cranky (one might be mentally fatigued as your brain may be a bit low on glucose – this is not an excuse as you have to behave properly regardless), and to remain conscious of Allah.
For those of you that have fasted during the long summer fasts, you know that when your mouth is super dry and you see a water fountain, it is impossible not to think of Allah!
So plain and simple Ramadan is a template that all Muslim’s have the privileged to partake in early in their life, learn from, and then apply to other aspects of their behavior they wish to change. It is but one of the myriad of prescriptions that are in the Qur’an to train our brain and establish good habits.
Through the establishment of good habits (please see the Qur’an for an exhaustive list of good habits to implement), we increase our mental efficiency, ruminate less in uncertainty, and can thus spend more time applying ourselves to aiding those around us.
So when you think of it Ramadan is like a really healthy meal for your brain.
A meal that contains all those yummy ketone bodies, habit forming skills, and opportunities to remember Allah. Insha’a Allah (Allah willing) enjoy it, and all its benefits!
Dr. Taufik A Valiante is a neurosurgeon at the Toronto Western Hospital. He is Associate Professor of Neurosurgery, and at the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering. He is the Director of the Surgical Epilepsy Program, and a neuroscientists studying brain function.
You can follow him on Twitter (@DrValiante) for neuroscience related information.
Incredible honor to operate today with my Neurosurgical mentor @JamesRutka on #PurpleDay for #Epilepsy pic.twitter.com/SN6zN51vvF
— Dr. Valiante (@DrValiante) March 26, 2015
Me and my lab, at their #PurpleDay poster!! pic.twitter.com/e91sjkNOUH
— Dr. Valiante (@DrValiante) March 26, 2015
